글
https://opcconnect.opcfoundation.org/2017/06/microsoft-contributing-open-source-opc-ua/
The ISA-95 standard, titled "Enterprise-Control System Integration," defines five hierarchical levels of activities within a manufacturing organization to facilitate communication and integration between business and control systems
. The hierarchy, often visualized as a pyramid, provides a framework for how different systems and technologies interact, from the physical manufacturing process to high-level business planning. 
The five ISA-95 levels
- Level 0: Physical Process
This is the foundation of the manufacturing process, consisting of the actual physical machines, equipment, and production processes that create the products.- Examples: A robot arm welding a car frame, a valve regulating the flow of liquid, or a packaging machine filling capsules.
- Level 1: Sensing and Manipulation
At this level, intelligent devices like sensors and actuators are used to gather data and control the physical processes described in Level 0.- Examples: Sensors that measure temperature or pressure and valves that receive signals to open or close.
- Level 2: Monitoring and Supervision
This level is dedicated to the automated monitoring and control of the physical processes. It includes control systems that operate in near real-time, responding to data from Level 1 devices.- Examples: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) that automate and control machinery, along with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Human-Machine Interface (HMI) systems that provide a visual overview for operators.
- Level 3: Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM)
This level focuses on managing the production process and optimizing manufacturing operations to achieve the desired output. It operates on a time frame of hours, shifts, or days and includes activities that direct personnel, equipment, and materials.- Examples: Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) that handle production scheduling, quality management, maintenance, and inventory tracking.
- Level 4: Business Planning and Logistics
As the top level, this is where business-related activities and high-level decisions are made to manage the entire enterprise. It operates on longer time frames, such as weeks or months, and uses data from the lower levels to make strategic decisions.- Examples: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems used for supply chain management, sales planning, and financial management.
The value of ISA-95
The ISA-95 model provides a standardized framework that helps companies:
- Define roles and responsibilities: Clearly distinguishes the functions and information flow between different systems and teams, reducing duplication and confusion during system integration.
- Enable efficient integration: By using standardized terminology and data models, the framework helps integrate new and existing systems, reducing the time and cost involved in upgrades or new implementations.
- Enhance communication: Bridges the gap between a company's high-level business systems and its low-level control systems, ensuring a consistent and efficient flow of information.
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광고
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Months
Days
LEVEL 4 Bussiness planning and logistio
Hours
LEVEL 3 Manufacturing Operations Management
Minutes
LEVEL 2 Monitoring & supervising
Seconds
LEVEL 1 Sensing & manipulating
us/ms
LEVEL O Production process
Sensors & Signals
Figure 1. ISA 95 Levels
